What do secondary messengers do

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Chapter Population Genetics. Chapter Evolutionary History. Chapter Plant Structure, Growth, and Nutrition. Chapter Plant Reproduction. Chapter Plant Responses to the Environment. Correct answer: Second messengers give cells direct access to extracellular material by permeabilizing the membrane. Explanation : The ligand binds the receptor on its extracellular terminus; therefore the ligand itself never enters the cell or passes through the membrane.

All of the other answers describe benefits of the second messenger system. Which of the following is NOT an example of a second messenger? Possible Answers: IP 3. Correct answer: Epinephrine adrenaline. Explanation : Second messengers are intracellular signaling molecules. Copyright Notice. View Tutors. Simone Certified Tutor. Samantha Certified Tutor.

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But in addition to their job as relay molecules, second messengers serve to greatly amplify the strength of the signal. Binding of a ligand to a single receptor at the cell surface may end up causing massive changes in the biochemical activities within the cell.

Some of the hormones that achieve their effects through cAMP as a second messenger:. Cyclic GMP serves as the second messenger for. As its name suggests, it hydrolyzes phospholipids — specifically phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate PIP 2 which is found in the inner layer of the plasma membrane.

Hydrolysis of PIP 2 yields two products:. The calcium rise is needed for NF-AT the "nuclear factor of activated T cells" to turn on the appropriate genes in the nucleus. The remarkable ability of tacrolimus and cyclosporine to prevent graft rejection is due to their blocking this pathway. In fact, calcium ions are probably the most widely used intracellular messengers.